乌拉圭
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 全称乌拉圭东岸共和国，南美洲东南部的国家。
乌拉圭东岸共和国（Oriental Republic of Uruguay, República Oriental del Uruguay）位于南美洲东南部，乌拉圭河与拉普拉塔河的东岸，北邻巴西，西界阿根廷，东南濒大西洋。面积176215平方千米。居民约90%是白种人，其余有8%的印欧混血儿。多信奉天主教。官方语言是西班牙语。首都为蒙得维的亚。1825年8月25日从西班牙人的统治下独立。境内大部分地势平坦，农牧业发达。 乌拉圭属温带气候，以优美的自然风光和安定的社会环境，被誉为“南美瑞士”；又因其形似宝石而又盛产紫晶石，被誉为“钻石之国”。
[编辑] 历史早期的乌拉圭河东岸地区居住着查鲁亚印第安人。1516年初被西班牙探险家胡安·迪亚斯·德索利斯发现。1680年后一直是西班牙和葡萄牙殖民者争夺的对象。1726年，西班牙殖民者建立蒙得维的亚，乌拉圭沦为西班牙的殖民地。1776年西班牙将该地区并入拉普拉塔总督辖区。1811年民族英雄何塞·赫瓦西奥·阿蒂加斯领导人民进行独立战争，并于1815年控制了全境。1816年葡萄牙再次入侵，并于1821年７月将乌并入巴西，定名为西斯普拉丁省。1825年8月25日，以胡安·安东尼奥·拉瓦列哈为首的33名东岸人从阿根廷回国，收复了蒙得维的亚城，宣告乌拉圭独立，并将8月25日定为国庆日。 The name "Uruguay" comes from Guaraní, the language of the native people of the region. It means "river of the painted birds." The first Europeans arrived in the area in the early 16th century. Both Spain and Portugal pursued the colonization of Uruguay, with the Spanish eventually gaining control. The future capital, Montevideo, was founded in the early 18th century and became a rival to Buenos Aires across the Río de la Plata. Montevideo, however, was thought of as a military center for the Spanish empire, while Buenos Aires was a commercial center. In the early 19th century, independence movements sprung up across South America, including Uruguay (then known as the Banda Oriental, or "Eastern Area", referring to the area east of the Río de la Plata). Uruguayan territory was contested between the nascent states of Brazil and Argentina. Brazil annexed the area in 1821 under the name of Provincia Cisplatina, but a revolt began on August 25, 1825, after which Uruguay became an independent country with the Treaty of Montevideo in 1828. The original population of Charrúa Indians was gradually decimated over three centuries, culminating on 11 April 1831 in a mass killing at Salsipuedes, which was led by General Fructuoso Rivera, Uruguay's first president. After that date the few remaining Charrúas were dispersed and a viable Charrúa culture was a thing of the past, although Charrúa blood still runs in the veins of many Uruguayans today as a result of extensive Charrúa-Spanish intermixing during colonial times. Four Charrúas — Senaqué, the leader Vaimaca Pirú, the warrior Tacuabé and his wife Guyunusa — were taken to Paris in 1833 to be displayed as circus attractions. In the latter part of the 19th century, Uruguay participated in the War of the Triple Alliance against Paraguay. Uruguay then experienced a series of elected and appointed presidents and saw conflicts with neighboring states, political and economic fluctuations and modernization, and large inflows of immigrants, mostly from Europe. The work of President José Batlle y Ordóñez made Uruguay an advanced nation with a complex welfare system; for most of the 20th century Uruguay was on par with European nations. Due to its advanced social system and its stable democracy, Uruguay came to be known as "the Switzerland of the Americas". The Uruguayan economy relies largely on agricultural exports. The world wars brought prosperity as Uruguayan beef and grain went to feed a war-ravaged Europe. World food prices dropped precipitously following the end of WWII, which triggered years of decline for the Uruguayan economy. By the 1960's, the stable social system began to break down as the economy spiralled. The government started losing popular support as students, workers and lower-class families felt the pain of an economy unable to adapt to a post-agricultural world economy. The Tupamaros, a radical leftist group, responded to the crisis with violence, which triggered government repression that ended with the suspension of individual rights by the president, Jorge Pacheco Areco, and his successor, Juan María Bordaberry. 1973年发生军事政变，the army seized power, ushering in 11 years of military dictatorship in what was once one of the most stable democracies in the region. 1984年7月，军政府决定还政于民。由于它位于乌拉圭河的东岸，故国名定为乌拉圭东岸共和国。同年11月红党候选人胡利奥·玛丽亚·桑吉内蒂当选总统，恢复民主宪制。2004年11月，左派政党联盟总统候选人巴斯克斯在大选中获胜，成为乌历史上首位左派总统。 [编辑] 政治1830年7月18日颁布第一部宪法，后多次修改。1951年的宪法废除了总统制，建立国务会议制（最高行动权力机构）。1966年修宪，恢复总统制。1973年军人政变后停止实施宪法。1985年民选政府上台后即予恢复。宪法规定乌实行民主共和制，三权分立。设总统和副总统各一名。总统是国家元首和政府首脑，兼武装力量最高统帅，副总统为当然参议员，兼任国会主席和参议长。总统、副总统、国会议员和各省省长均由公民直接选举产生，任期五年。总统不能连任，但可隔届再次参选。 Thirteen cabinet ministers, appointed by the president, head executive departments. The parliament is the bicameral General Assembly or Asamblea General, which consists of a 30-member senate (Cámara de Senadores), presided over by the vice president of the republic, and a 99-member Chamber of Representatives (Cámara de Representantes). Members for both houses are elected by popular vote for a five-year term. The highest court is the Supreme Court; below it are appellate and lower courts, and justices of the peace. In addition, there are electoral and administrative ("contentious") courts, an accounts court, and a military justice system. For most of Uruguay's history, the Colorado and Blanco parties have alternated in power. The elections of 2004, however, brought the Frente Amplio, a coalition of various leftist parties, to power with majorities in both houses of parliament and the election of President Tabaré Vázquez Rosas by an absolute majority. [编辑] 领土Image:Uruguay mapa.png
Map of Uruguay
Main article: Departments of Uruguay 全国共分19个省。
[编辑] 地理
Main article: Geography of Uruguay Uruguay is the second-smallest country in South America. The landscape features mostly rolling plains and low hill ranges (cuchillas) with a fertile coastal lowland, most of it grassland, ideal for cattle and sheep raising. The highest point in the country is the Cerro Catedral at 514 m. To the southwest is the Río de la Plata (River of Silver), the estuary of the Uruguay River, which forms the western border, and the Paraná River, that does not run through Uruguay itself. The only other major river is the Río Negro. Several lagoons are found along the Atlantic coast. The climate in Uruguay is temperate, but fairly warm, as freezing temperatures are almost unknown. The predominantly flat landscape is also somewhat vulnerable to rapid changes from weather fronts, as well as to the pampero, a chilly and occasionally violent wind blowing north from the pampas plains in Argentina. [编辑] 经济
Uruguay's economy is characterised by an export-oriented agricultural sector, a well-educated workforce, and high levels of social spending, as well as a developed industrial sector. After averaging growth of 5% annually in 1996–1998, in 1999–2001 the economy suffered from lower demand in Argentina and Brazil, which together account for nearly half of Uruguay's exports. Despite the severity of the trade shocks, Uruguay's financial indicators remained more stable than those of its neighbours, a reflection of its solid reputation among investors and its investment-grade sovereign bond rating — one of only two in South America. In recent years Uruguay has shifted most of its energy into developing the commercial use of IT technologies and has become the leading exporter of software in Latin America. While some parts of the economy appeared to be resilient, the downturn had a far more severe impact on Uruguayan citizens, as unemployment levels rose to more than twenty percent, real wages fell, the peso was devalued, and the percentage of Uruguayans in poverty reached almost 40%. These worsening economic conditions played a part in turning public opinion against the free market economic policies adopted by the previous administrations in the 1990s, leading to popular rejection of proposals for privatization of the state petroleum company in 2003 and of the state water company in 2004. The newly elected Frente Amplio government, while pledging to continue payments on Uruguay's external debt, has also promised to undertake a crash jobs programs to attack the widespread problems of poverty and unemployment. [编辑] 人口统计Main article: Demographics of Uruguay As a Spanish-speaking country of Latin America, most Uruguayans share a Spanish cultural background, even though about one-quarter of the population is of Italian origin. Some 88% of the population is of European descent, with mestizos (8%) and blacks (4%) forming the only significant ethnic minorities. Church and state are officially separated, with most adhering to the Roman Catholic faith (66%), with smaller Protestant (2%) and Jewish (1%) communities, as well as a large nonprofessing group (31%). Uruguay is distinguished by its high literacy rate, large urban middle class, and relatively even income distribution. During the past two decades, an estimated 500,000 Uruguayans have emigrated, principally to Argentina and Brazil. As a result of the low birth rate, high life expectancy, and relatively high rate of emigration of younger people, Uruguay's population is quite mature. [编辑] 文化Main article: Culture of Uruguay
[编辑] 体育Main article: Sports in Uruguay The most popular sport in Uruguay is football (called fútbol in Spanish), and the country has earned many honours in that sport, including gold medals at the 1924 and 1928 Olympics and two World Cups. Rugby and basketball are also popular.
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